The Islamic Civilization Essay Example for Free

The Islamic Civilization Essay During the post classical era, we find the world evolving by expansion and intense communication along many regions. With expansion and communication, trade and culture travels such as West Africa being introduced to Islam. Moving into western African, between 1000ce-1450ce, the introduction of Islam has brought a great increase in slave trade and rose literacy rates, creating literate officials in state administration. However, no rigorous conversion was made, some traditional practices remained. The increase of slaves was obtained through conquest and the impact of Islam created religious power to officials in state administration due to appeal of legitimacy of rule. However distant ruling centers would be least likely affected by Islam. West Africa’s economy was greatly stimulated by the appearance of Islam. They were able to trade, not only across the Sahara, as they had in Europe and the Middle East. Prior to the influence of Islam, West Africa interacted through regional trade and with help from Tran Saharan route they were able to connect to North Africa. With the Muslims, the bringing of Islam enlarged the amount of concubines, sex slaves, in West Africa. Although concubines were not Muslim, because Muslims believed that they couldn’t enslave their own people. We see that within Muslim ancestry they’ve always been nomadic, always relocating in spite of gaining new resources. The establishment of Islam led to the development of 1st regular trade across the Sahara. The impact of Islam turned Africa into a focal point of trade, linking Africa to Eurasian world trade. The Islamic Civilization gave rise to many centers of culture and science, producing notable doctors, nurses, scientists, astronomers, mathematicians, and philosophers. Monarchies and their courts now have literate officials to assist in state administration. A quantity of West African cities had become centers of Islamic intellectual life, increasing literacy rates and legitimacy in state administration. Muslims did not seek to convert West Africans; they did practice their religion while traveling. As time passed Muslim traders were accompanied by Clerics and scholars, these men interacted with local rulers on matter relating to trade, security, and governing. Until the leader of the kingdom converted, with full support would influence citizens to convert to Islam. Although Islam made a very large impression on West Africa, no through religious transformation was made. Being the fact they were rural there was no interaction with Muslims or deepening influence of Islam. Practice such as permission for women to appear in public almost naked, being able to roam freely with unrelated men and the sparkling of dust on one’s head as a sign of respect. Other traditions also remained even though some converted to Islam due to the monotheistic belief related so closely to their belief in one creator God. While in West Africa, Islam rose slave trade along trade routes, increased literacy rates leading to conversion of literate state officials. Albeit, no religious transformation was made. Being the fact that Muslims were nomadic by ancestry they sought to carry out concubines in the slave trade. They believed that it was wrong to enslave their own people so they looked to Africans, their resource, to help them. In effect to the introduction of Islam, many aspects were imposed upon West Africans causing the conversion of monarchy. People found favor in Islam if the leader of the kingdom converted. Also religious legitimacy was brought to the attention of those who would gain status by pilgrimages to Mecca. But aside from the very large impact, no religious transformation was made because most of the cultures were rural and very distant to the places where Islam had interactions with.

technology in education :: essays research papers fc

Technology in Education With technology benefiting various fields, life has suddenly become a joyful journey for everyone. In the simple forms, like electronic stoves, telephones displaying caller’s ID and automobiles the ride of life has become a pleasure. In the same way, the lives of students have also taken a leap towards easiness. When we talk about technology in education the first and foremost advancement is the computer and internet. If a student has the Encyclopedia of Britannica or Microsoft’s Encarta Encyclopedia on his/her computer, he rarely finds himself in a library or even on the internet. But for those who don’t have these encyclopedias have the entire world of internet information at their finger-tips. Internet in its simplest form enables one to access emails; this too is a source of information especially for those who are in contact with their teachers and need constant aid. Those who have joined Distant Learning Education programs need internet and the snail-mail system. If the postage was unreliable or the money transfer system was unpredictable then distant learning programs wouldn’t be so famous and sought-after. A normal school going 8th grader has luxuries enough. Assignments are doable no matter how tough they are. If there is a presentation to go along with, then projectors come very handy. Children also bring along their self made slide shows if the facilities are favorable. The field of education is vast. Be it the education in cosmetics, graphic designing, journalism or multimedia, technology is playing a huge part. Take photography for instance; new models of cameras keep emerging, the film has a variety of types and now with the emergence of digital photography, many people have suddenly realized that they want to make it their profession. For this, institutes are bringing in latest course outlines, equipment for study, instructors are being brought-in and dark rooms are being built. Education was tough without technology. Parents were constantly worrying about their children who were sent abroad to study. Now with technology in picture, long distance calls have become much easier and considerably cheap. Nearly all students in an institute carry cell-phones making the above mentioned problem of worrisome parents seem small. Even though this involvement of mobile phone in the field of education is not that much, yet it’s so useful that just about everyone has this equipment. Taking lectures was tiresome task, but with the introduction gadgets like; PDA, laptop and voice recorders, this dull work is now more enjoyable.

Contraversy in Play Doubt Essay

In an immoral place such as that presented in John Patrick Shanleys’ award- winning playwright Doubt, it would be unwise to assume the architect of the play would honor and comfort us with a greater and certain ending of the masterpiece. This brings us to the obvious question of what is certainty and how we can be certain of anything. According to Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, â€Å"There are various kinds of certainty. A belief is psychologically certain when the subject who has it is supremely convinced of its truth. Certainty in this sense is similar to incorrigibility, which is the property a belief has of being such that the subject is incapable of giving it up. † If we are directed and instructed by this statement, a reader cannot have a firm grasp on whether Father Flynn did in fact physically abuse the vulnerable, colored character of Donald Muller, living in 1964, surrounded by a rising discontent of the white privileged working class society (also responsible of the death of Martin Luther King Jr. that same year). However I  afforded to be unwise, biased, and by my best judgment, decide (without evidence) Father Flynn did in fact harass Donald. This decision was obvious to me by three subliminal pieces of evidences awarded by the author. The first evidence is the suspicion and the accusations attacking Father Flynn of giving young Donald Muller wine when called to the rectory. Now, of course Flynn defends himself by disputing Donald drank the wine by himself because of the nerves of being a lonely black boy in 60’s Bronx. However, when confronted with this exclamation  by Sister Aloysius, Flynn immediately contracted into a cornered cat, with a sharp, witty defense strategy. â€Å"I don’t wish to continue this conversation at all further,† said Father Flynn upon exiting. Father Flynn says he covered for the boy because he cared, yet the story is immediately made unconvincing when Sister Aloysius grabs a more delicate and experienced grasp on the situation. The symbol of the wine portrays this once glorified saint as a perverse and twisted character. The logic inserted in the context is the  following: if Father Flynn could be corrupted enough to pollute a young, innocent child, he could also be able to take advantage of this boy. The second evidence is the shady character Father Flynn becomes through out the strategic play. In various examples, Father Flynn is slightly shadier of what it would have been expected. The first example of this is seen in metaphorical examples and that is Father Flynns’ noticeably long fingernail. These are first portrayed to the young boys when Flynn is disgusted by the dirtiness in the boys’ fingernails. This shows Flynn as a man who goes against the culture and the morale of society. The second example is portrayed when Father Flynn outreaches his hand for a young boy named William London and the boy flinches, as if disgusted or terrified. The last example is involving a black crow outside a window that hadn’t stopped snapping all day. Finally, Father Flynn has enough and roars viciously to this bird being shown as an ill-tempered man who masks his emotions to the people. Sister Aloysius made an intelligent and constructed  remark, â€Å"you’re controlling the expression on your face right now. † Towards the end of the play, Sister Aloysius becomes consistent on her accusation towards Father Flynn. She framed each sentence perfectly charging forwards and creating significant pressure on Father Flynn. She rammed with exclamations such as, â€Å"I will not stop! † and â€Å"I will find the truth! † By the end, Flynn had resigned to his post and was expected to take a discreet leave. This, along with his response to the accusations, provoke a clear assumption Flynn is guilty and he knows his days of being  considered an innocent, kind man were drawing to an end. By the end of the play, doubt plays a clear role in the mind of the curious reader. Of course, there is more than one possibility of what might have gone on between the priest and the altar boy. If we were to have a completely objective thought, we would be puzzled and disturbed by the fact that neither one nor the other choice is correct or clear. My personal impression is the one mentioned earlier, yet I am not the omnipresent author of this magnificent story. ? Work on grammar and spelling.

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